Barriers and challenges perceived by women in their pathway through science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) careers

Abstract

This study explored women's perceptions regarding the challenges they face in STEM careers in the western region of El Salvador. The objective was to identify the factors that influence women's choice of STEM fields and to understand the barriers they encounter. A descriptive quantitative methodology was used, collecting data from 220 female university students through questionnaires. The results revealed that although women's participation in higher education has increased, this has not translated into proportional representation in engineering programs. Most participants reported not having had role models who significantly influenced their career choices. Additionally, a considerable percentage perceived the existence of negative gender stereotypes in their fields of study, although with varying distribution. In conclusion, the need to implement inclusive educational policies and practices that promote gender equity in access to and advancement within STEM careers is emphasized. It is recommended to enhance the visibility of female role models in STEM, increase access to STEM-related experiences before higher education, and actively address gender stereotypes within the academic environment. These measures could contribute to more equitable participation of women in scientific and technological disciplines, which is vital for the economic and social development of the region.